2.
  -2024
   
 
(       -I)
 :      :60
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. ()         
()     ?
2.             
 -
3. ()            ?
()       
4. ()         
()            ?
2.
 -
5.        
6.         ?
-
7. ()          ?
()         ?
8.   '   :
(a)     
()    
2.
  -2024
   
 
(       -I)
 :      :60
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. ()         
()     ?
:       
       ,   -     

        
   
 ,     , 
      
        
 , 
        ?     
  
 
      -    ,       ,   
    
,    ,           ,   
 ,             ,   
     
1.     
                 
,   ,   ,    ,     
,          
2.
   ,         -   
     
,       ,       - 
             ' 
  
    
 ,        ,  
  
       ,       ,   
 
     ,    , 
    
2.        
            '      
    ,  , , ,     
  
   , ,             
'   
       -      
 ,
               
 
  :    

        ,    ' 
         '   ,    , 
           ,      ,  
          
3.    
         , ,     
    ,            :
        
     
 ,     
   
  ,   
       
   
2.
               , -
      
4.     ' 
  ,          
          :
,          
             
 
          , 
  
 ,    
 -  ,   -  
           
5.       
 ,                 
 ,              ,  
   
 ,        

 
     ,      
  ,  
,       
   ,    
   
      :    
  
    ,         
            ,    
 ,                
    -             
             
             ,    
       ,       ,  
2.
    ,         - 

        
1. :  , 
            ,
      ,     
2.       : 
            
 ,             

3. :        - 
  , 
 ,           
4.  :            
     
    ,        :
    ,          
    ' -  
,    
 
 ,     ,   '      


 ,     ,         
              
   :     
            ,     
 ,     -   
  ,  
  '               
:  , ,           
 
 
2.

 ,         -   ,   ,  
 ,    ,         
   ,           
         
 
             ,  
         
 -  ,     
                
   ,            ,  
 ,           
2.             
:󷊆󷊇:       
1.   ?
 ,               
        -    , 
, ,        
 
2.   
     :       
, , , ,           
       ,           
  
    :          
,        , ,     
             , 
          
  :,     ,      , 
      
    :,       ,    
  
        
  
   
2.
  ( ):  ',      
      ,          
3.    
   :,            0.8 
1       ,  60     
 50-60    
   :
o ,           
 
o         
 
:
o   : , , , , 
o   : , , , , ,  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼:    
1.   ?
,  ,               
 ,     ,           
2.   
 :    (  9 )    
         ,      

  :         , 
              
 ,    
 
    : , , ,         
,    
  ,      
 :      ()       , 
 
   :      ,    
     
     :  60%     ,  
 3  , ,          
3.    
   :      20-30%    
   2000      ,   60-70   
2.
   :
o   ( ):  , , ,   
     
       
o   (   ):, ,      
     
o    (   ): ,   ,   
      
   :           
         
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   :   
      -  
    
       -       
 
               
              
    ,   - ,      
  
󷇮󷇭     
   :   ,     ,     
          ,     
  
  :
   ,  ,   (  ),
   (   )     
  :  ,   ,    , ,     
    
󼩺󼩻   
    
,          
 ,   
,      
          ,    
,     
    ,     
,  ,         ,     
  
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
2.
    
,          
    
 ,  ,  ,     
   ,          
  ,       
 :   50-60    60-70   (  
  )    ,        
   :       ,      
 ,    -  
   
 ,    
  ,  :   '     
  ,       -          ,  -
     ,             
 -
3. ()            ?
()       
:     :      
   -       ,     
  ,             
 ,       ,       
 ,
        
    ,           - , ,
       ,  ""   :    
           , 
 , ,
        -    ,    
   ,  
       
  :            
1.   :   
2.
 ,       ,       
        ,     ,    
                 
     ,   ""      
             
    :   ?
   
    
,         -
-   ' :
1. : -   
                 
          :
o    :    ,     , 
 
     
o       :         
       ,          
          
o    :  '         

         -   
o      :   ,      ,
      
o  -  :      ,   
,
        
2.   
          ,    
        ( )     
    
     
      ,     '     

     :
:,  ,  , , , 
: , , , , 
2. :     
              ,     
  '            ,     
2.
         
    ,   

 
 ,           
  :   ?
         ,          
              :
1.    
  ,           
        ,        
2.  
,                
     
    
3.      
     ,        
         
4.       
                
 ,       
5. 
 ,    , ,    -    
    -           
   
      
 :
  (    ):      , ,  
    
 -  ( ):, , ,  ,       
   
  -          ,
               
  :      
            ,   
     
2.
1. :    
              
  
                 
        ,        
   
     ,      :
    :, , 
, 
   :, , ,   
 :-    
   :, 
   :  
 :                 
   
2. :   
    ,           
 ,            , 
     ,        ,   
  
   
      ,    :
   :      
 :, 
,   
    :  
     
:  
   
          '       
    ;         ;     
  ;          
      
   
2.
     ,      (     ,  
)     ,       (, )  
  ,       ( )     ,  
     (,  )
   , , ,       , 
        -        

       ,      

       
         
     
          " " 
   ,            ,
           
 ,
    ,         
          
     
 -  ,        
 , 
       ,  ,    
     
4. ()         
()            ?
:󷊆󷊇(a)      
       '  :     (, ,
),       ,   
    
,      
    ,       :
1.         
   -     - ,     -  

2.
     , 
   
:         ,     

2.     
 , 
    ,    
:    (    '  ) 
   
3. -    (  )
               
  
     (   ) ,  
   
4.      
          
:           
5.      
           
:         
6.     
        
:             
  
7.  
         (, )  
   
:              
8.   
            
:   ,   ,   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐:      
2.
       
    (    
  ):
 
          ,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼()            
          ,        
 ,              
  ,                
    
  :
1.  (  )
     
    ()       ,     
   
    : ,  ,    
2. 
,          
           
, , ,     
3.  ( )
   
     
2.
    : , , 
4.     
     
    :   , ,  , 
5.      
   
    : ,  ,   
6.     (SO2)   
        
    :   (, ),   , 
7.       (  ,   )
   (  )   
         
    : , , 
8.  ( ,  )
   
    : , ,  
9.  (BHA, BHT, )
      
    : , , ,   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
     ,      
   (  WHO, FAO,   )   
          
       ,     -
    
󼩺󼩻   
    '       ,  ( ),  
 (, ),   (   ) 
   
2.
 , 
   :    (),   (  ), 
 (    , , )  ,    '
  -          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                  
  ,               
  
 :     , ,    
  - , , ,     
  :, , , , , , ,
     '   ,       
 
 ,     
 -  ,       
  
             ,
       
 -
5.        
:    :    
  
                ,  
                 - ,
,       ?            
    ?  ,   ,  , ,  
,       -       
  ,  
 
     
            
,  
 
  ,   ,          ,
    ,        
        
2.
1.      
                  ,  
          
               ,  
 ,       ,        
          ,      - ,  
 
 ,             ,    
    ,          ,   
              
  ,  
        
   
 
2.         
  
              ,
            
    '        -      
         ,      
  '      ,        
  ,       -   
   
     
 
              
     ,          
       
      
 
        ,    '       
    
3.     -   
 -     -  
,       
 
        ,    
 
 
       ,      ,   ,
      ,       ,  
 ,
2.
       
       , 
   
 
   
      ,     , 
    ,  --    
                
4.     
       
     - ,   
           
 ,         
 ,   
, -            ,  
            '      '
   
          
   
,        ,     
   -       
      
5.           
     ,     '       
   ,     '   
         
   ,       ,   -
          
             
 ,   -   
            ,   
        
 ,         
       
2.
6.      
   ,           - , , 
       
 ,             
         ,    
      
     
    
            - , ,  
  - '    
7.      - 
      -   ,    ,    
  ,  
            
    ,         
         ,     
        
               
     - ,         
   
8.               
   -          , 
 ,  ,             
        ,  , -, 
     
 ,         ,     
  ,       ,    ,
      ,       
2.
9.     - 
                 -

    ,              ,  
     
 
                 
               
     
      :         
      
10.         
  -           
 ;       ;    
    
               ,
      ,    
 , 
           ,   
 
 
11.            
                   
       ,         
 ;         ,     
          ,     
      ,        
              

12.       
 ,              

 ,     '      ,  
  ,    ,        
2.
  ,       
     
 
,      '         
  
         
          ,         
( ) -,  
,    ( )  
          (  )    
 ,       ( )   , 
 ,      ,       
(   )     ,     (   
 )  
         
    - , , 
 

       
 -           

    , , -        
  ,      
     ,
,        -     
 ,   
           
          ,      
  ,      
6.         ?
:󷊆󷊇  
1.  
     
        
   - , ,   ,   
2.
2.    
    
 , ,       
   - 
    
3.      
   :  ,     


        :        ( ,
    )     
  :     ,       , 
       
4.      
     3      10    
     
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.  
            

 - , , ,   
2.    
    - ,      
   -    
     
      - 
  
 ,  
  
      
3.      
 :            
- :  , , ,     

:    ,      
 :       
4.      
2.
  ,  ,       
,    
    , ,      
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃        
            :

 
 
 
, , ,  
 
, ,    

  
 : , , , ,

 
 (.., )
 
  '  
; , ,
     

  
 
    


    
 
   ,     

  
    ,   
  
, ,  
  
 ,    , 

󼩺󼩻   
   
          ,      
     ,   
          ,   ,   ,  
            
             
,      
       ,         
,   ,    -  
󷇮󷇭   
1.  :          (, )  
 '    (, ,  ) 
 

2.
2.  :   (, )      (,  )
   
3.   :     (GDP) '  
   
(, , ) '      
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 :         
        '   :
  :, ,     - 
  :  , ,  ,    -

                   
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
   
        ,         
     ,        


         ,       
      ,       
    ,      
 
󼩺󼩻   
    :
 A          ,    
   
 B         ,  
 , 
      
 A  
     
   B  

           
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
          
  , ,       
 ,  ,    
        ,    , 
     
2.
    , ,      
    -     
 ,         ,      ,  :
   
 ,     
 
-
7. ()          ?
()         ?
:   :      
                
, 
     
  ,     ,
  ,         , 
 ,   
      ,  ,         
-           , 
    
   : ,        ,  , 
      
          -          -
,         
(a)          
            '  
  -            

    ,  
    '         
  ,          
  
    
        ,       '
  
 ?        
1.      
                  
         
   :
2.
     :    '       
     ,    
,      
 
  :  ,     ,     
      
  :         
            
    :        ,      
,      
2.     
              ,   -  
     
     :       
,   
       ,          
   '      
 - :   ,  ,   
       
   ,    
         
:      , ,         
          ,      
-      
     -      
 ,    ,     
,  - 
  ,       - 
   
3.    
           
     :- , ,    
         
  :            
    ,           
   :  , ,    ,    
       
2.
,                ,
    ,    
4.       
   ,              
,          
   :  ,      
          
   :       ,        ,
       
 :            
      
          ,      ,
       
5.    
     -     
 :  ,      
    ,    ,       
  
  : ,  --       
 ,           ,   
      
                
       
6.    
 ,    
           -
, , ,   
:    -       
2.
   :     
     
     
    :  ,  ,      
     
 
     :   
 ,     
  
    
 ,   , , , ,     
               
      ,      ' ,   
    
()       
          ,   ,  
        --   ,   
   , -       
                
1. -     (0-12 )
            ,      
 
 :  ,  ,  ,   
 
: 6-8  ,   
  "oo"  "aa"   
    
 :4-6  ,       , "-"  "-
" 
 
:            ,  

 
,  ,      ,         

2.
2. -   (  ) (12-18 )
    -,        : "" 
""
 :          , ""   "
  "   
  :         
    : ,    ,   ' 18   20-50

            :         
 
3. -      (18-24 )
,      : “  ”,  
   :   ,      
 
   :  , -       
, " "    "   "
      :     ,    
50-100 
               
   
4.  -   (24-30 )
      : "    "  "     "
  : ,        

    :    
    " ?" 
  " 
"
   : ,         
2.
  ',        
;  ,   
       
5.   -   (3-5  )
,     ,      : ",    ,   
    ' "
   :   ,  -,      

    :  ,      

   :    ,  ,    
   
              
 

     
 
6.     (5+  )
     ,        
    :      
  :, ,          
  : -,      
    :      ,      
   
 ,       ,      
    
          
     '   ,        ' 
 :
1.  :    
2.   :        
2.
3.    :   ,      
    
4.  : ,        
    
5. :            
    :     ( )   
,    
 ( ),  (),   ( )    
      
    ,         
       ,   -       
   ,            
  ,       ,      
  ,    
 
 
 -,      ,    
 
 ,           ,     
  

                    
             -  , 
 , , ,          
    ,      :    ,   
, -  ,           

      ,     
        ,       
       '        
  ,    , ,      
2.
8.   '   :
(a)     
()    
:󷊆󷊇       ?
      ,   -    
 
   ,          
  
   
    ,   -  ;
   ,      
      ,     
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼         
1. 
        
   ,     , -      
   ,     ,       
  ,      


:          ,      
      
2.  
         
   -           
   
       
   ' 

:       ,          
   
3.  -   
      
             
     
          

:         ,       '
    ,          
2.
4.    
 , ,            
    

,        
             

:              
5.       
         
     ,    '   ,    
      
           
6.    
    -   
                   
    
       '      
 

:  -           
7.       
-        
       ,      ,  
      
       
8.  
      
  -  '   ' -    
       
 
9.      
    ,       
           
 
    , ,      
10. - 
2.
-    ,     ,     '
   
   ,         
 
   -       
   
󼩺󼩻   
              (),
     ( ),        (
)      ,    ()   , - 
    ,       - -     ,
     
󷇮󷇭        
1.   :            
2.   :          
     
3.   :  '   ,    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
           : ,   ,
  ,     ,    , ,
  , ,   ,  - 
       , ,   
  ,    ,   ,  
     
 ,    
  -        ,  
: 
           ,       
     
     
"                  

          ,           "